Factorization

Gauss proved the fundamental theorem of arithmetic the theorem is stating two things: first, e.g. 1200 can be represented as a product of primes, and second, no matter how this is done, there will always be four 2s, one 3, two 5s, and no other primes in the product

Recommended Reading
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Primary_mathematics/Factors_and_primes